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Uniform Variety Characterized American Revolutionary War

Uniforms during the American Revolutionary War were anything but uniform.

Men wearing colonial military uniforms run a ram down an old-fashioned cannon.
Cannon Crew
A watercolor painting, by Don Troiani, depicts five men cleaning, loading and preparing to fire a 3-pounder cannon.
Credit: Courtesy Image
VIRIN: 750617-O-D0439-021

Nonetheless, they served to inspire patriotism, esprit de corps and helped identify friend from foe. 

Here's a look back at uniforms from 250 years ago during an important period of the nation's birth. 

The Continental Army, Navy, Marine Corps and state militias wore all kinds of different colors and variety of uniforms. Unfortunately, the Continental Congress lacked the funding to outfit all of them, so many purchased or stitched together their own or went without one.

People in Revolutionary War-era military uniforms fire long guns from a platform at another ship.
Revolutionary War
A painting by artist William Gilkerson depicts Continental Navy and Marine Corps service members on a sailing ship's mainmast, firing their muskets down at British troops on a nearby ship during the American Revolutionary War.
Credit: David Vergun, DOW
VIRIN: 260310-D-UB488-1003

Funding priorities instead went to ammunition, rations and other essential supplies needed to fight and survive. It would take volumes of books to describe all the different uniforms, but there are some generalities. 

For headgear, tricorn hats made of felt or leather were the most common, with many being black. 

Wool or linen long-sleeved shirts served as undergarments and were worn against the skin. The outer layer, also known as hunting shirts, were considered a waistcoat. The most common colors of waistcoats were ash or light brown with blue later being the majority.

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Credit: {{photographer}}
VIRIN: {{virin}}
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But there were also other colors. For example, the Green Mountain Boys, a militia from Vermont, wore green. Today, Vermont is known as the Green Mountain State. 

Leggings, or trousers were called breeches, which ended just below the knee. Socks were called wool stockings and extended under the lower breeches. 

Shoes were made of leather and were custom fitted to each man. They were commonly secured with buckles, but some had laces. When shoes wore out, troops would wrap their feet in hide made from rabbits or deer that they hunted.

Men in a variety of Revolutionary War-era military uniforms wield muskets with the bayonets attached as other people in similar attire ride into battle on horses with dead or wounded people lying on the ground.
Battle of Guilford Courthouse
A painting by artist H. Charles McBarron depicts the Battle of Guilford Courthouse, near Greensboro, N.C., March 15, 1781. Continental Army Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Greene, on the lead horse with sword raised, observes the 1st Maryland Regiment as they engage the British during the American Revolutionary War.
Credit: David Vergun, DOW
VIRIN: 260310-D-UB488-1001M

By contrast, the British had consistent uniforms. Their wool coats were bright red, earning them the nickname redcoats. The coats had light color facings, usually white or yellow. Their white breeches were made of wool, and their tricorn hats were usually black. Their black buckled shoes were made of leather. 

Their redcoats made it easy to determine friend from foe. 

Unlike knights from the Middle Ages, neither side wore armor.

A painting shows dozens of soldiers in Revolutionary War uniforms charging at each other in a grassy field under a blue sky with bayonets affixed to muskets.
Siege of Yorktown
A painting by artist H. Charles McBarron Jr. depicts American soldiers, left, storming a redoubt held by British soldiers at the Siege of Yorktown, Va., in 1781.
Credit: Army Corps of Engineers
VIRIN: 811005-O-D0439-006

Today's troops wear improved outer tactical vests with helmets and other gear for protection. 

Each of the services today has their own uniforms, whether for the field or dress occasions.  

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