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Chains of Command

The Navy operates through dual chains of command that work together to project U.S. naval power worldwide: operational and administrative. These sometimes overlap, and depending on the assignment, a sailor can be part of both.

THERE ARE
340,000
ACTIVE-DUTY SAILORS IN THE NAVY

OPERATIONAL


Secretary of War

DOW seal

The secretary of war oversees the War Department and acts as the principal policymaker and advisor. The secretary can issue orders directly to the combatant commands, which comprise joint forces.

Combatant Commands

The War Department has 11 combatant commands, each with a geographic or functional mission that provides command and control of military forces in peacetime and war.

Each combatant command has a particular mission, and each may be involved in various operations or exercises (operations are various phases of a war or military engagement; exercises are routine or nonroutine training that test strategies and explore the effects of warfare without actual combat).

Combatant commanders issue Navy-related orders to naval subordinates or components.

Component Commands

There are eight active Navy component commands, and their commanders carry out operations within their designated areas of responsibility.

Component commanders have operational control over one or more of the numbered fleets.

Numbered Fleets

There are seven active numbered fleets in the Navy, each covering a geographical body of water or functional mission. Some numbered fleets, established during World War II, have since been deactivated or merged into other fleets, which explains why numbered fleets are nonsequential.

Fleets cover an area of responsibility, and subordinate units in the AOR carry out the missions.

Fleets are divided into:

Task Forces


Each task force is responsible to the fleet commander for certain functions related to the assigned units. This organizational scheme is scalable to meet a wide range of operational needs.

Task Groups


An individual carrier strike group or amphibious ready group within a given fleet constitutes a task group.

Task Units


Units operating together for a specific task, such as the air defense units within the carrier strike group, receive a separate task unit designation.

Task Elements


Individual units within the task unit are assigned as task elements.

Below are examples of how these can be grouped for different tasks.

Major Deployable Units

This flexible, heavy strike group can operate in any threat environment. Capabilities support initial crisis response missions and may be undertaken in nonpermissive environments where multiple threats exist, including anti-ship missiles, ballistic missiles, mines and terrorist threats.

This is the routine rotational amphibious force package employed by the Navy-Marine Corps team, providing operational freedom and expanded warfare capabilities at sea and by land with embarked Marines. The ARG/MEU consists of a baseline of three amphibious ships with naval support elements and an embarked MEU. Depending on the requirements, it may deploy with surface combatants and a submarine. When the ARG/MEU is led by a flag or general officer, it is referred to as an expeditionary strike group.

This group can operate independently or in conjunction with other maritime forces to support crisis response or sustained missions. The group may be employed in a limited, nonpermissive multiple-threat environment. Missile-equipped SSGs provide deterrence and immediate contingency response, conduct maritime security operations and are primarily independent, sea-based, mobile groups that will provide sea control and strike power to support joint and allied forces afloat and ashore.

The Military Sealift Command's Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force provides all of the Navy's combat logistics services to the fleet, including fuel, food, ordnance and nearly everything that Navy ships need for extended periods of time. The force also conducts towing, rescue and salvage operations, as well as manages floating medical facilities. These ships are operated by civilian mariners.

From here, it breaks down to individual vessels.

Vessels

Navy ships, submarines and aircraft operate by departments, which can be broken into divisions. Sometimes, smaller work centers are formed.

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yellow submarine icon
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For a sailor in an aviation unit:

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Aviation Unit
Squadron
Air Wing
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A sailor boards the ship for drills, exercises and deployments, but otherwise, home is a naval air station.

What does this mean for a sailor?

A sailor assigned to a destroyer will have two different chains of command.

Operational

Things change when you deploy. You essentially leave your homeport's fleet and transfer into the fleet that corresponds with your ship's new area of responsibility. You then follow that operational chain of command, all the way up to the combatant commanders. If a mission comes up, your destroyer may be assigned to a task force, group, etc., to accomplish the task. Once it's complete, your ship will continue on its routine schedule.

Administrative

Your immediate supervisor would likely be the commander of a squadron, followed by the group commander and then the type commander. As you perform your duties, you would also be assigned to the fleet that corresponds with your homeport. This will always remain the same as long as you're assigned to that ship.

Still not sure you've got it all? Dive back in to take another look at Navy operations.

Or learn about Navy's shore-based administrative side.

Administrative


Civilian Leader

Secretary of the Navy(SECNAV)

secretary of navy flag

Responsible for and has the authority under Title 10 of the United States Code, to conduct all the affairs of the Department of the Navy, including: recruiting, organizing, supplying, equipping, training, mobilizing and demobilizing. The Navy secretary also oversees the construction, outfitting and repair of naval ships, equipment and facilities.

The Navy secretary is responsible for formulating and implementing policies and programs that are consistent with the national security policies and objectives established by the president and the secretary of war.

Military Leader

Chief of Naval Operations(CNO)

Chief of Naval Operations seal

The chief of naval operations is the senior military officer and a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The chief of naval operations is the principal naval advisor to the president and the Navy secretary on the conduct of war and is the principal advisor and naval executive to the secretary on the conduct of the Navy.

The chief of naval operations is a four-star admiral who is responsible to the Navy secretary for the command, use of resources and efficiency of the operating forces of the Navy, and of the Navy shore activities assigned by the secretary.

Several admirals, subordinate commanders and other staff in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations help oversee specific functions within the Navy.

Various Commands

Shore Commands

They are onshore installations and facilities that support the fleets' operating forces (ships, submarines, etc.) with repairs, fuel, ammunition, training and medical help, among other things.

System Commands

There are five system commands overseeing the technical requirements of the Navy.

Type Commands

Units operating together for a specific task, perhaps the air defense units within a carrier strike group, would receive a separate task unit designation. The commanders of each of those coordinate to ensure resources and procedures are compatible, so it's easier for sailors to transfer from coast to coast or command to command. Type commands further break down to groups and ship squadrons or air wings.

Naval Surface Forces

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Naval Air Forces

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Submarine Forces

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What Does This Mean for a Sailor?

A sailor assigned to a destroyer will have two different chains of command

Operational

Things change when you deploy. You essentially leave your homeport's fleet and transfer into the fleet that corresponds with your ship's new area of responsibility. You then follow that operational chain of command, all the way up to the combatant commanders. If a mission comes up, your destroyer may be assigned to a task force, group, etc., to accomplish the task. Once it's complete, your ship will continue on its routine schedule.

Administrative

Your immediate supervisor likely would be the commander of a squadron, followed by the group commander and then the type commander. As you perform your duties, you also would be assigned to the fleet that corresponds with your homeport. This will always remain the same as long as you're assigned to that ship.

Still not sure you've got it all? Dive back in to take another look at Navy operations.

Or learn about the Navy's shore-based administrative side.

ISmoke billows from a machine gun on the deck of a ship with an aircraft carrier and another ship in the foreground.

Naval Surface Forces

Serving to safeguard maritime interests, support global stability and ensure freedom of navigation, the Navy's surface forces include an unmatched portfolio of aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, amphibious ships and littoral combat ships.

A sailor stands near the periscope of a partly submerged submarine.

Submarine Forces

Known as "The Silent Service," these forces use undersea concealment for surveillance and intelligence gathering, carrying out special operations and warfare missions and maintaining the nation's strategic deterrent objectives as part of America's nuclear triad.

Several sailors in a small craft reach up to a sailor hanging from the rope attached to a helicopter above.

Naval Air Forces

Operating a vast array of aircraft launched from ships at sea or naval air stations on land, these forces provide air superiority over the oceans, encompassing a range of missions from attack and anti-submarine warfare to reconnaissance and search and rescue operations.

An air-cushioned landing craft creates a wake on either side.

AMPHIBIOUS & EXPEDITIONARY FORCES

These forces work together to project power with a forward presence and provide specialized critical capabilities across a wide range of military operations, including rapid deployment for crises and combat missions, as well as delivering humanitarian assistance.

Navy in Photos

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Navy workers

Navy 101

The U.S. Navy, the largest navy in the world in terms of manpower, serves as America's sea-based military force, deterring and defeating threats, protecting the homeland and fostering economic prosperity.

Forged by the Sea

The Navy's tagline, which launched in 2017, communicates the evolution of the service in response to the sea — highlighting how sailors are tested and shaped by their experience at sea, becoming better versions of themselves.

What Is Being a Sailor All About?

More than words, these three core values guide every sailor's journey of service like a compass and shape the character of America's Navy.

HonorCommitmentCourage

Navy Origin

On Oct. 13, 1775, Continental Congress voted to create the Continental Navy, America's first naval force, to challenge British maritime supremacy during the Revolutionary War. The Continental Navy became the U.S. Navy on March 27, 1794, after being disbanded following the Revolutionary War.

Learn More

The Navy Flag

Officially authorized by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on April 24, 1959, the Navy's dark blue flag features the official Navy seal with a bald eagle perched on an anchor, symbolizing the service's strength and maritime heritage.

'Anchors Aweigh'

Navy Lt. Charles A. Zimmermann composed the official song of the Navy in 1906, with lyrics by Midshipman Alfred Hart Miles, and first performed publicly at the Army-Navy football game, Dec. 1, 1906.

More Than a Sailor

More than service members on boats, sailors are forged at sea to deliver deterrence and lethality when called on.

Two blue military aircraft with yellow detailing fly in opposite directions in a blue sky.

The Navy's Blue Angels, established in 1946, showcase naval aviation excellence through precision aerobatic demonstrations worldwide, inspiring audiences and recruiting future aviators with their iconic blue and gold F/A-18 Super Hornets.

A softball player slides into home plate creating a large cloud of dust.

All-Navy sports teams represent the U.S. Navy in the War Department's Armed Forces Championships, competing against Marine Corps, Army and Air Force teams across 15 different sports to showcase athletic excellence and service pride.

A sailor gestures while conducting a seated band in front of a seated audience.

The U.S. Navy Band, established in 1925 as America's official naval musical organization, performs ceremonial duties and public concerts through multiple ensembles including the Concert Band, Sea Chanters, Country Current and Commodores to honor naval traditions and inspire audiences worldwide.

Other Military Services

There are a few distinct exceptions in the structure of each military service. Select a service to learn more.